US experts warn Congress of Chinese spies targeting American AI labs

Former officials told the House Intelligence Committee on Tuesday that the U.S. intelligence community must devote more resources to protecting American artificial intelligence companies from foreign espionage. They argued that China will employ a range of intelligence-gathering techniques to steal proprietary AI technology and advance its own military and economic objectives.

The hearing, focused on emerging threats to the U.S. in the 25 years since the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, also highlighted AI's growing role across national security concerns, including cyberattacks, autonomous drones, and foreign influence operations.

Key Testimony

Frank Cilluffo, a former George W. Bush homeland security official who leads Auburn University's McCrary Institute for Cyber and Critical Infrastructure, stated:

"Of course, our intelligence services and agencies are going to have secrets that are always going to be of top desire for foreign intelligence adversaries, but if you're [China's Ministry of State Security] today, you're looking at frontier model companies."

He added: "I think we've got to actually rethink counterintelligence. It's not just the traditional spy-versus-spy, information-versus-information. It's who holds the keys right now, it's not going to be in government alone."

Retired Lt. Gen. H.R. McMaster, who served as national security advisor during President Donald Trump's first term, noted that the counterintelligence threat "has lagged way behind." He described how post-9/11 counterterrorism efforts diverted resources away from tracking China's efforts to embed spies and other researchers into American firms.

Ben Buchanan, who served as the Biden administration's White House special advisor for AI, said the range of counterintelligence targets is now broader and especially includes private companies. He also noted that counterintelligence operations will evolve with AI:

"Of course cyber operations have already changed, but even if you look at things like human intelligence and detecting human intelligence operations, it is a different technical paradigm that yields different kinds of analysis that AI alone can do."

China's Intelligence-Gathering Methods

Access to proprietary U.S. AI research is valuable to foreign adversaries because it helps them close technological gaps without bearing the cost and time of developing those capabilities independently.

U.S. officials have repeatedly assessed that China has stolen proprietary national security information, notably data on military aircraft. More recently, the White House and major U.S. AI companies have accused Chinese firms of conducting distillation operations, in which developers covertly use advanced American-made AI models to improve their own.

Policy Criticisms and Gaps

Buchanan criticized the Trump administration's recent moves to ease restrictions on advanced chip exports to China:

"America has a large structural advantage in AI due to the democratic ecosystem of producing chips, and we should exploit that structural advantage to the fullest. We should be much more aggressive on enforcement and smuggling to stop China from trying to catch up."

Seth Jones, a former U.S. Special Operations Command official who now leads the Defense and Security Department at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, noted that many individual states are not well equipped to track and respond to Chinese spying efforts.

Existing and Missing Frameworks

Recent quantum computing executive orders have focused, in part, on tasking the FBI and the intelligence community with better protecting the nation's quantum research from foreign spying.

The White House has directed national security agencies to help safeguard advanced U.S.-made AI from foreign threats, but it has not established a dedicated counterintelligence framework equivalent to the quantum technology directives.