China, North Korea exchange high-level visits, pledge unity under 1961 friendship treaty

High-Level Talks in Pyongyang

According to North Korea's state-controlled Korean Central News Agency (KCNA), Jo Yong Won — secretary of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea and a member of the Presidium of its Political Bureau — held talks with Wang Huning, a member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Central Committee of China's ruling Communist Party, at the Pyongyang Assembly Hall on July 15.

Jo was quoted as saying:

"The ever-changing present international political situation has required the two countries to further strengthen the militant unity, support and solidarity and steadily intensify and develop the friendly and cooperation relations for the victorious advance of the common cause of socialism in conformity with the basic spirit of the DPRK-China Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance."

(DPRK is an acronym of North Korea's official name: Democratic People's Republic of Korea.)

As Pyongyang seeks to enhance its ties with Beijing, Jo reiterated North Korea's will to develop bilateral relations "in a many-sided way."

Meeting with Kim Jong Un

Wang also met with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, according to photos published by KCNA, although no detailed report on those discussions had been issued as of this writing.

Reciprocal Visits

Just days before Wang's visit to Pyongyang, a top North Korean official — Pak Thae Song, premier of the Cabinet and, like Jo, a member of the Presidium of the Political Bureau of the Workers' Party of Korea — made a trip to Beijing from July 10–12. While there, Pak met with China's top leader Xi Jinping.

These reciprocal visits came just a month after Xi visited Pyongyang to hold a summit meeting with Kim. It was Xi's first visit to North Korea in seven years.

Official Purpose and Geopolitical Context

Officially, the purpose of all these exchanges is to commemorate the 65th anniversary of the China-DPRK Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance. While in Pyongyang, Wang said that "the conclusion of the treaty between China and the DPRK laid a legal foundation to consolidate the militant friendship formed at the cost of blood," according to KCNA.

However, the 60th anniversary of the treaty passed without such fanfare, making it clear the current geopolitical environment is the main driver. Xi made his North Korea trip shortly after he hosted both U.S. President Donald Trump and Russian President Vladimir Putin in Beijing. The sequence placed the Korean Peninsula squarely inside China's broader balancing act among the major powers.

Strategic Relationship and Nuclear Issues

During their summit in Pyongyang, Xi and Kim agreed to strengthen their "strategic relationship" with socialist principles. Importantly, Xi refrained from commenting on North Korea's possession and development of nuclear weapons. Chinese readouts made no mention of denuclearization, even as a long-term goal — a move many interpreted as de facto recognition of North Korea as a nuclear-armed state.

In his talks with Pak, Xi once again made no mention of nuclear issues. Instead, the Chinese leader urged both countries to:

• "Strengthen strategic coordination"
• "Resolutely defend our respective sovereignty, security and development interests"
• "Create a favorable external environment for both countries"

according to a readout from the Chinese Foreign Ministry.

Russia-North Korea Relations

In the wake of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, ties between Moscow and Pyongyang have blossomed. North Korea provided ammunition and deployed its troops to Russia to support Moscow's operation in Ukraine. In exchange, it has been widely speculated that Pyongyang may have received economic assistance and sensitive missile technology from Moscow.

China's Shifting Stance

China had maintained a position as something of a mediator on Korean Peninsula issues since the days of the Six Party Talks. In recent months, however, Beijing appears to have shifted its stance to align with North Korea, creating more space for Pyongyang to evade U.S. and U.N. economic sanctions while bolstering its ties with Beijing.

As Beijing has stopped raising Pyongyang's nuclear issues, trade and cooperation between the two sides are likely to strengthen — even as Washington, Seoul, and Tokyo enhance their trilateral cooperation in the region.