Princeton University

American astronomers led by Joshua Roth at Princeton University have discovered over 10,000 new exoplanet candidates using advanced AI tools, marking the largest cache of planet candidates ever found. The team analyzed 80 million light curves from NASA's TESS satellite, employing AI software like the Cambridge Exoplanet Transit Recovery Algorithm and a Random Forest machine learning system. The findings, published in a paper titled 'The T16 Planet Hunt: 10,000 New Planet Candidates from TESS Cycle 1,' include over 9,000 gas giants (Hot Jupiters), more than 100 Neptune-size bodies, and 11 potential super-Earths. The collaboration spans Princeton, MIT, UCLA, and Las Campanas Observatory in Chile, and represents a global lead in AI-assisted exoplanet discovery.

1 reports · 1 sources · Updated Jul 27, 05:53 AM UTC

The 2026 Fields Medal, one of mathematics' top honors, was awarded to Yu Deng, John Pardon, Jacob Tsimerman, and Hong Wang. Hong Wang became the third woman to win the medal in its 90-year history, following Maryam Mirzakhani (2014) and Maryna Viazovska (2022). Wang and Deng are also the first Chinese nationals to win since Shing-Tung Yau in 1982. The medal is awarded every four years to mathematicians under 40. The article profiles each laureate: Deng solved part of Hilbert's sixth problem linking physics and mathematics; Pardon solved the MNOP conjecture in symplectic geometry; Wang, born in 1991 in Guangxi, skipped two grades and entered Peking University at 16; and Tsimerman's work is also highlighted. The awards were announced on July 27, 2026.

1 reports · 1 sources · Updated Jul 27, 05:11 AM UTC

This post from Marginal REVOLUTION collects eight assorted links covering diverse topics. It includes a link to a paper on Hutt's macroeconomics, a discussion on whether LLMs are obsessed with Japan, and news of a landmark gift of 20th-century Haitian paintings to Princeton University's art museum. There is a link about asymmetric information in real estate, a study on political polarization in partner income preferences, a behind-the-scenes look at the Circe character in 'The Odyssey' adaptation, a post on AI's impact on mathematics, and a tribute to economist George Akerlof upon his retirement. The links span economics, technology, culture, and social science.

1 reports · 1 sources · Updated Jul 21, 04:22 PM UTC

This post from Marginal REVOLUTION presents a curated collection of eight assorted links covering diverse topics. It includes a link to a paper on Hutt's macroeconomics, a discussion on whether large language models are obsessed with Japan, and news of a landmark gift of 20th-century Haitian paintings to Princeton University's art museum. Other links explore the concept of asymmetric information in real estate, a study on political homogamy in partner preferences (showing Democrats would sacrifice $210,000 and Republicans $100,000 in annual partner income to avoid a cross-party partner), a Vanity Fair article on the Circe scene in 'The Odyssey', a post on AI and mathematics regarding counterexamples, and a tribute to economist George Akerlof upon his retirement.

1 reports · 1 sources · Updated Jul 21, 04:22 PM UTC

KPMG and OpenAI have announced a strategic alliance, naming KPMG an OpenAI Elite Partner. The partnership is built on KPMG's internal AI-deployment model, first used for OpenAI's own Supply Chain & Fulfillment Orchestration platform. KPMG's Chad Seiler argues that enterprise software is moving toward a 'headless' model where employees interact via voice and AI agents rather than traditional user interfaces. The article discusses the 'decide, execute, deliver sandwich' framework from Princeton's Arvind Narayanan, suggesting AI compresses only the execution layer while expanding verification and oversight needs. KPMG predicts workers will spend more time talking to systems than typing, with AI agents interpreting intent and coordinating across backend systems.

1 reports · 1 sources · Updated Jul 21, 10:00 AM UTC

The article reports that AI agents are increasingly becoming the primary interface for online shopping, with nearly 60% of consumers using AI to shop. This shift is drawing attention from policymakers and regulators, including the FTC and Congress, who are concerned about potential deceptive practices. A Princeton University study found that large language models often recommend sponsored options over cheaper alternatives, and may conceal prices or fail to disclose paid placements. The FTC has proposed a policy statement seeking public comments on ensuring AI outputs are not influenced by hidden agendas or undisclosed objectives. Advertising spending on AI is projected to reach $32 billion in 2026 and $68 billion by 2030, raising questions about conflicts of interest between advertisers and consumer interests.

1 reports · 1 sources · Updated Jul 19, 10:29 AM UTC

This Seeking Alpha article by analyst Sean Daly reports that Stoke Therapeutics (STOK) stock has risen 148% since his previous coverage in June 2025. The author reiterates his bullish thesis, focusing on the company's lead asset for Dravet syndrome entering its final development stretch. Daly, a finance professor and former visiting lecturer at Princeton, discloses a long position in STOK. The article provides an update on the biotech firm's progress and investment outlook, emphasizing the potential of its Dravet syndrome treatment as a key catalyst.

1 reports · 1 sources · Updated Jul 19, 06:15 AM UTC

This financial analysis highlights Infleqtion (NYSE: INFQ) as an emerging leader in the quantum navigation sector, driven by the rapid adoption of its neutral atom quantum technology. The company has secured commercial traction with elite clients in defense, aerospace, and AI infrastructure sectors through its differentiated product suite, which includes Tiqker atomic clocks and advanced quantum sensors. Financially, Infleqtion is described as well-capitalized following its SPAC merger, having raised $540 million. The report notes a trailing twelve-month revenue of $29 million, $50 million in booked business, and a fiscal year 2026 revenue guidance of $40 million. The author argues that Infleqtion is generating meaningful revenue ahead of most peers due to its scalable architecture and commercial momentum. Consequently, the stock is recommended as a speculative buy for risk-tolerant investors, positioning quantum navigation as a critical capability for Western militaries. The article emphasizes the company's strategic advantage in meeting urgent national security needs while maintaining strong financial health.

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Researchers at Princeton University have successfully developed a three-dimensional computing device that integrates living human brain cells with advanced electronic systems. This innovative platform utilizes a flexible 3D mesh of microscopic wires and electrodes as a scaffold, allowing approximately 70,000 neurons to grow into a functional network capable of computation. Unlike previous two-dimensional cultures, this system interacts with cells from within the network, enabling precise recording and stimulation of electrical activity. Over six months, the team trained algorithms to recognize spatial and temporal patterns in neuronal pulses, demonstrating the device's learning capabilities. The project, led by Tian Ming Fu, James Sturm, and Kumar Mritunjay, aims to address two major challenges: understanding brain function and neurological diseases, and reducing the immense energy consumption associated with modern artificial intelligence. The researchers highlight that biological brains operate on a fraction of the power required by current AI systems, suggesting this bio-hybrid approach could offer a sustainable path forward for low-power computing while providing new insights into neuroscience.

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Princeton University has voted to end its historic 133-year-old Honor Code system of unproctored examinations, requiring faculty proctoring for all in-person exams starting this summer. The decision responds to a significant rise in academic dishonesty linked to the widespread availability of generative AI tools since late 2022. Data from the university’s Committee on Discipline shows an increase in students found responsible for violations, rising from 50 in the 2021–22 academic year to 82 in 2024–25. A campus survey further revealed that 30% of graduating seniors admitted to cheating, while 28% acknowledged using ChatGPT on prohibited assignments. Dean Michael Gordin noted that AI has made cheating easier and detection harder, while also creating a culture where students fear social backlash for reporting peers. Although the traditional honor pledge remains mandatory, trust alone is no longer considered sufficient safeguard. This policy shift marks a major departure from Princeton’s long-standing philosophy that treating students as honorable encourages honorable behavior, reflecting broader challenges higher education institutions face in adapting to artificial intelligence.

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This article highlights Carolyn Wood Sherif, an unsung hero in psychology whose contributions were historically overshadowed by her husband, Muzafer Sherif. In 1954, she co-conducted the famous Robbers Cave experiment in Oklahoma, demonstrating how group competition fosters prejudice and conflict. Despite being a driving force behind this foundational social psychology study, her work was often attributed solely to her husband due to institutional sexism at Princeton University. Recognizing this systemic bias, Wood Sherif joined the women’s movement and shifted her focus to exposing gender bias within psychological science. Her seminal 1979 paper, Bias in Psychology, criticized the field for mimicking hard sciences and treating male behavior as the universal norm, thereby distorting views of women. She advocated for studying individuals within their social contexts rather than isolating variables. The piece serves as a tribute to her intellectual legacy, emphasizing her role in pioneering feminist psychology and challenging the cultural exclusivity of scientific research. It underscores the importance of recognizing female scientists who were excluded from historical records despite their significant impact on understanding human behavior and social dynamics.

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Princeton University has officially abandoned its 133-year-old honor code system, implementing supervised examinations for the first time since 1893. This significant policy shift, approved by the faculty in May 2026, responds to widespread concerns that artificial intelligence and mobile devices have made cheating increasingly prevalent and difficult to detect. Under the new guidelines, proctors will be present during all in-person exams starting this summer to act as witnesses, although they are instructed not to interfere directly with students. Suspected violations will still be referred to a student-run honor committee for adjudication. The decision was driven by both faculty and undergraduate requests, citing a culture where students are reluctant to report peers due to fears of online shaming or doxxing. A recent survey indicated that nearly 45 percent of seniors knew of honor code violations but chose not to report them. While some faculty members described the change as a shameful necessity, it marks a pivotal moment in academic integrity practices. Students will continue to pledge their honor before exams, but the era of unsupervised testing at Princeton has ended due to the challenges posed by modern technology.

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Princeton University has voted to require proctoring for all in-person exams starting this summer, marking the first time in 133 years that the Ivy League institution will supervise examinations. This significant policy shift ends a long-standing honor code established in 1893, which previously allowed students to take tests without faculty presence. The decision was driven by widespread concerns among undergraduate students and faculty that cheating has become prevalent, largely facilitated by the ease of using artificial intelligence tools and cellphones during assessments. Dean Michael Gordin noted that while technology has made cheating easier to execute, it has also made detection more difficult. Furthermore, students have become increasingly reluctant to report peers due to fears of online shaming or doxxing. Under the new guidelines, instructors will act as witnesses during exams but will not interfere unless an infraction is suspected, which will then be reported to a student-run honor committee. Despite the introduction of proctors, students will still be required to pledge their honor that they have not violated the code. This move highlights the growing challenge educational institutions face in maintaining academic integrity amidst rapid technological advancements.

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Researchers at Princeton University have successfully created a novel three-dimensional computing device that integrates living biological neurons with advanced electronic components. Published in Nature Electronics, this breakthrough addresses previous limitations where brain cells and electronics were not fully integrated, often relying on two-dimensional cultures or external monitoring. The team, led by Fu, James Sturm, and first author Kumar Mritunjay, utilized advanced fabrication techniques to construct a scaffold of tiny metal wires and electrodes coated with flexible material. This structure allows approximately 70,000 neurons to grow into and around the network, enabling real-time recording and stimulation of electrical activity. The device has demonstrated the ability to recognize simple patterns under controlled conditions through computational programming. While current capabilities are limited to basic tasks, the researchers aim to further develop the platform to handle more complex computational functions in the future. This innovation represents a significant step forward in bio-computing, merging biological neural systems with synthetic electronics to create a functional, living hybrid system capable of pattern recognition.

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This financial analysis recommends buying Precigen (PGEN) stock, citing the early FDA approval of its lead product, PAPZIMEOS, as a key driver for commercial validation. The article highlights rapid adoption by insurers and physicians, suggesting strong market penetration. Precigen's AdenoVerse platform is identified as the foundation for near-term growth, with PAPZIMEOS targeting a $2 billion global recommended retail price market. Additionally, the pipeline candidate PRGN-2009 is advancing in trials for HPV-related cancers. Management projects the company will achieve cash flow positivity in 2024, with consensus estimates indicating significantly improving earnings per share and revenue through 2028. While risks such as competition from Inovio’s INO-3107 and challenges in international expansion are acknowledged, the author argues that Precigen’s current data and commercial lead remain compelling. The piece notes that since a previous buy recommendation, the stock has risen 156%, reinforcing the positive outlook. The analysis focuses on financial metrics, regulatory milestones, and competitive positioning within the biotech sector, providing an investment thesis based on operational execution and market potential.

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The Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) has withdrawn a proposed rule that would have required tech companies to match clean energy certificates with fossil fuel consumption in the same time and location. This decision follows intense lobbying by major technology firms, including Amazon, Apple, and General Motors, under the 'May not Shall' campaign. These companies argued that strict hourly and location-based matching requirements were overly burdensome and could hinder investments in renewable energy. The proposed rule aimed to prevent companies from offsetting emissions from gas-powered data centers using green energy generated in different regions or at different times, a practice currently common among industry leaders like Meta and Amazon to support AI-driven expansion. Research groups, such as Princeton University’s Low-Carbon Technology Consortium, indicated that the stricter protocol could reduce CO2 emissions significantly faster than current methods. While Google supported the time-based matching approach, the majority of the industry successfully pressured SBTi to make these standards optional. This outcome highlights the tension between rapid technological growth and accurate carbon accounting, raising concerns about the credibility of corporate net-zero claims amidst the rising energy demands of artificial intelligence infrastructure.

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In an interview with Nature, former academic philosopher turned independent game designer Bennett Foddy explores the surprising similarities between conducting scientific research and designing video games. Foddy, known for creating the viral hit QWOP, transitioned from prestigious postdoctoral positions at Princeton and Oxford to a career in game development after realizing the creative overlaps between the fields. He argues that both disciplines involve navigating long periods of confusion, seeking moments of epiphany, and managing procrastination. Interestingly, Foddy reveals that some of his most successful games were created while he was procrastinating on his academic duties. The discussion highlights how creativity, inspiration, and the struggle with productivity are central to both academia and game design. Foddy’s journey illustrates a non-linear career path where skills in philosophical inquiry translated into innovative game mechanics, challenging the traditional boundaries between scientific rigor and artistic expression. This perspective offers valuable insights for researchers and creatives alike, suggesting that the emotional and factual truths pursued in these fields share common ground in their creative processes.

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Princeton University has voted to abolish its historic honor code and require proctored in-person exams for the first time in 133 years, effective this summer. The decision, driven by faculty and student concerns over widespread cheating facilitated by artificial intelligence and smartphones, marks a significant shift from the system established in 1893. Dean Michael Gordin cited the difficulty of detecting modern cheating methods and students' reluctance to report peers due to fears of online shaming as key factors. Under the new policy, instructors will supervise exams as witnesses without interfering, while suspected violations are referred to a student-run honor committee. Although students must still pledge their honor, the physical presence of proctors aims to deter misconduct. Surveys indicate that nearly 30% of seniors admitted to cheating, while 45% knew of violations but did not report them. This move reflects a broader trend in US education, where institutions are grappling with AI-induced academic integrity issues, with many adopting detection tools or returning to traditional monitoring methods to ensure fairness.

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CorpGov has announced the final panel agenda and closing registration details for the second Princeton CorpGov Forum, scheduled for Thursday, May 21, 2026, at The Nassau Inn in Princeton, New Jersey. The event brings together industry leaders and Princeton alumni to discuss critical topics in corporate governance and finance. Key sessions include discussions on AI and cybersecurity in the boardroom, the finance of collegiate sports, the business of entertainment, and assessments of public and private capital markets. Additional panels will cover governance in private equity, shareholder activism from investor and board perspectives, and endowment management involving alternative investments. The forum features an afternoon of panels and networking, concluding with a cocktail reception. The event content will be professionally filmed and distributed via partners including Yahoo Finance, Bloomberg Terminals, and Reuters. This follows the successful inaugural forum held in May 2025. Registration is open to the Princeton community, institutional investors, and corporate executives, aiming to foster dialogue on contemporary financial and governance challenges.

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Princeton University's historic honor code, established in 1893, is facing significant strain due to the widespread adoption of generative AI for academic dishonesty. A 2025 survey of seniors revealed that nearly 30 percent admitted to cheating on at least one assignment or exam, with engineering students reporting higher rates than arts students. The university's unique system, which prohibits professors from proctoring exams and relies on student pledges and peer reporting, is being undermined by modern technology and a cultural reluctance to snitch. While students are honor-bound to report violations, the ease of using AI tools via cell phones has led to widespread unreported cheating. This trend highlights a growing disconnect between traditional academic integrity measures and contemporary technological realities. The situation has sparked internal debate, with opinion pieces noting that while cheating bothers many students, the social stigma against reporting peers remains strong. This analysis underscores the challenges elite institutions face in maintaining academic standards amidst rapid technological advancements that facilitate easier forms of misconduct without direct supervision.

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Three Rutgers University men's lacrosse players have been recognized with All-American honors by Inside Lacrosse media voting, marking the second such recognition for the team this off-season. Joe Juengerkes was named to the Third Team All-American, while Ryan Splaine and Colin Kurdyla received Honorable Mention distinctions. This announcement precedes the upcoming release of the USILA Coaches' All-American list. Juengerkes, a transfer from Princeton and team captain, previously earned Second Team All-American status from USA Lacrosse and has since joined the professional Maryland Whipsnakes. During his final collegiate season, he anchored a top-10 defense with significant defensive statistics. Colin Kurdyla served as the team's primary offensive threat, leading the Big Ten conference in points and assists per game while scoring a team-high 30 goals. Ryan Splaine contributed vital senior leadership and defensive prowess, notably earning Big Ten Defensive Player of the Week honors after successfully containing Johns Hopkins star Matt Collison in a crucial victory. These accolades highlight the strong individual performances within the Rutgers program during the 2026 NCAA season.

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Harvard University faculty are voting on a controversial proposal to limit A grades to no more than 20% of students plus four additional individuals per class. This initiative aims to address severe grade inflation, with nearly 60% of grades awarded as As in the academic year ending mid-2025, more than double the 2006 rate. The debate has attracted significant political attention, with conservatives and Trump administration officials arguing that current grading practices undermine merit-based evaluation. While supporters, including professor Jason Furman, contend that inflation devalues academic distinctions, student opposition is strong. A survey indicated that 85% of undergraduates oppose the cap, citing concerns over increased stress, heightened competition, and the potential discouragement of taking challenging courses. Some faculty members also worry the policy could hinder Harvard's ability to attract top talent. The outcome is closely watched by other elite institutions, as Harvard’s decision could set a precedent for higher education grading standards nationwide. If approved, the new grading limits would take effect in the 2027 academic year, potentially replacing GPA-based awards with percentile rankings.

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Recent neuroscience research challenges the prevailing assumption in productivity software that speed equals efficiency. A 2024 study by researchers at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology found that handwriting activates widespread brain connectivity associated with memory and learning, unlike typing. This supports earlier findings from Princeton and UCLA indicating that longhand note-taking forces deeper cognitive processing, such as summarizing and prioritizing, rather than verbatim transcription. The article argues that digital tools often encourage 'cognitive offloading,' where users rely on devices to hold intentions without engaging in critical reflection. While apps optimize for frictionless capture, the physical effort of writing acts as a natural filter, ensuring only significant tasks are recorded. This slower process allows the brain to weigh, prioritize, and rehearse tasks, leading to better retention and more manageable lists. Consequently, handwritten lists tend to be shorter and more honest, preventing the overwhelm common with digital task managers. The analysis suggests that the friction inherent in handwriting is not a drawback but a crucial component of effective thinking and planning, offering a counter-narrative to the fast-paced design of modern productivity technology.

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The faculty of Princeton University has voted to mandate proctoring for all in-person examinations beginning this summer, marking a significant departure from its longstanding academic integrity policy. This decision effectively reverses an honor code established in 1893, which previously allowed students to take exams without supervision based on mutual trust and personal integrity. The primary driver behind this historic shift is the growing concern over academic dishonesty facilitated by artificial intelligence tools. As AI technologies become more sophisticated and accessible, university administrators and faculty members argue that traditional unsupervised testing environments are no longer sufficient to ensure fair assessment standards. This move reflects a broader trend in higher education where institutions are reevaluating assessment methods to counteract the potential for AI-fueled cheating. The change signals the end of a century-old tradition at Princeton, highlighting the profound impact emerging technologies are having on educational protocols and institutional policies globally. The implementation aims to preserve the validity of academic credentials in an era where generative AI can easily produce exam-level responses.

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Princeton University has voted to reinstate proctoring for final exams, effectively ending the unmonitored examination tradition established by its famous Honor Code in 1893. For 133 years, students took exams without supervision, pledging honesty and reporting peers who cheated. However, the widespread availability of generative AI since late 2022 has drastically increased academic dishonesty, rendering the honor system unsustainable. Faculty observed that AI tools allow students to mimic writing styles and produce unique essays with minimal effort, making detection difficult for educators. Data from the Committee on Discipline shows a significant rise in violations, with 82 students found responsible in the 2024–25 academic year compared to 50 in 2021–22. A senior survey revealed that 30 percent of graduating students admitted to cheating, while 45 percent knew of peer cheating but did not report it. Although the Honor Code technically remains, requiring students to sign a pledge, professors will now actively monitor exams to ensure compliance. This decision marks a pivotal shift in academic integrity policies, acknowledging that technological advancements have lowered the barriers to cheating beyond what moral education alone can constrain.

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CorpGov has officially released the final agenda and registration details for the second Princeton CorpGov Forum, scheduled for Thursday, May 21, 2026, at The Nassau Inn in Princeton, New Jersey. This exclusive event brings together industry leaders, Princeton alumni, institutional investors, and corporate executives to discuss critical topics in corporate governance and finance. The forum features a series of panels and fireside chats covering university endowments, shareholder activism, private equity governance, public and private capital markets, and the business of entertainment and advertising. Additionally, sessions will address emerging challenges such as AI and cybersecurity in the boardroom, as well as the finance of collegiate sports. The afternoon program concludes with a cocktail reception and networking opportunities. The event proceedings will be professionally filmed in 4K and distributed via major financial platforms including Yahoo Finance, Bloomberg Terminals, Reuters, and AlphaSense. Building on the success of the inaugural forum held in 2025, this gathering aims to foster high-level dialogue among key stakeholders in the global financial and corporate sectors.

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Following a significant Supreme Court decision that weakened the Voting Rights Act of 1965, Republican lawmakers in the Southern United States have accelerated efforts to redraw congressional district maps. This strategic redistricting aims to secure a political advantage in the upcoming midterm elections. The article highlights an interview on WBUR's 'Here & Now' with Julian Zelizer, a history professor at Princeton University, who provides historical context regarding attacks on the Voting Rights Act. Zelizer discusses the current state of the law, emphasizing the loss of critical protections and the elimination of majority-minority districts. The segment, aired in May 2026, explores how these legislative and judicial changes impact American voters by altering electoral landscapes. The analysis suggests that the diminished federal oversight has allowed for rapid map revisions that potentially dilute minority voting power, thereby influencing the competitive dynamics of the midterms. This development underscores the ongoing tension between state-level electoral strategies and federal civil rights protections in the contemporary American political system.

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Contrary to the conventional narrative that criminal justice reform is exclusively a liberal project, conservative lawmakers are increasingly leading significant changes in the United States. While federal progress has faced hurdles during political shifts, state-level reforms have surged, with 35 states enacting reform bills in 2025 alone. Between 2021 and 2025, over 600 pro-reform laws were passed across the country. This momentum is driven by conservative principles such as fiscal responsibility, limited government, and faith-based values of redemption. Landmark federal legislation like the Second Chance Act under George W. Bush and the First Step Act under Donald Trump laid the groundwork for this bipartisan approach. Experts note that state officials, unable to print money like the federal government, are motivated by practical needs to reduce crime costs and improve public safety. Advocates in traditionally red states, including Texas, Arkansas, and Oklahoma, are implementing policies that balance accountability with opportunities for reentry, demonstrating that justice reform is evolving effectively outside the partisan gridlock of Washington DC.

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Thousands of colleges and schools worldwide faced significant disruptions to final exams and academic operations after hackers targeted Canvas, the online learning platform managed by Instructure Inc. The cyberattack, attributed to a criminal threat actor, exploited a vulnerability in teacher accounts, leading to the suspension of services and the theft of user data including names, email addresses, and student identification numbers. Instructure confirmed that sensitive financial information and passwords were not compromised. The incident, with initial breaches detected in late April and early May, affected major institutions such as Princeton, Harvard, and the University of Manchester. Consequently, many universities postponed exams and extended administrative deadlines, causing uncertainty for students during a critical academic period. The FBI and US Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency have been notified, urging victims to report incidents while warning against potential scams. This event highlights the vulnerability of educational technology infrastructure and the immediate impact of cybercrimes on academic schedules and student welfare globally.

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A multinational team of astronomers has discovered a unique X-ray emitting object among the mysterious 'little red dots' (LRDs) observed by the James Webb Space Telescope. Dubbed 3DHST-AEGIS-12014, this compact blob is located approximately 11.8 billion light-years away and dates back to roughly 600 million years after the Big Bang. While most LRDs do not emit X-rays, this specific object's bright X-ray signature suggests it may be a transitional form linking theoretical 'black hole stars' to rapidly growing supermassive black holes. The findings, derived from combined data from the Chandra X-ray Observatory and JWST, indicate that patchy openings in surrounding gas clouds might allow X-rays to escape, explaining the variable emissions. This discovery provides crucial insights into the infancy of the cosmos and the formation mechanisms of early supermassive black holes, potentially solving the long-standing mystery of what powers these enigmatic red objects. Researchers describe it as a key piece of evidence connecting various theories about the nature of LRDs.

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